Assessing the Outcomes of Circular Economy and Waste Management Partnerships between Indonesia and Denmark

In the pursuit of sustainable environmental solutions, the bilateral collaboration between Indonesia and Denmark has emerged as a focal point of study, particularly within the spheres of the circular economy and waste management. This research, anchored in a qualitative descriptive methodology, delves deep into the intricacies of this partnership, shedding light on its commendable strides in fostering the exchange of best practices and pioneering waste reduction techniques, notably waste incineration. The collaboration, rooted in a shared commitment to environmental sustainability


Introduction
In the study of International Political Economy, cooperation is an effort made by several people or groups to achieve a common goal, cooperation is also an interaction that is very important for human life because humans are social creatures who need each other, cooperation can occur when individuals The individuals concerned have the same interests and awareness to work together to achieve common goals and interests [1].
Especially in foreign aid cooperation, which is the transfer of resources from developed countries to underdeveloped countries, either through bilateral donors or multilateral donors, which usually also requires foreign aid to be subject to certain limitations reflecting the various motives of the first donors.how sincere they are towards the development and welfare of developing countries with the exploitation of one party and both are sincere towards the development and welfare of developing countries in synergy with each other.This is also included in sources of foreign aid, namely bilateral assistance provided from the government of a donor country to a recipient country is called bilateral assistance.Basically a one to one relationship between two countries.it depends on the political and economic relations of the two countries plus the wishes of the donor country.
The waste problem in Indonesia has become an emergency since 2010, there have been 275 million tonnes of waste produced throughout the world, around 4.8-12.7 million tonnes of which is wasted and pollutes the sea.Indonesia has a coastal population of 187.2 million which annually produces 3.22 million tons of waste that is not properly managed.Around 0.48-1.29 million tons of this waste is thought to pollute the ocean.The beverage industry in Indonesia is one of the sectors with the fastest growth.Another threat is the wave of plastic imports that is likely to come from other countries.Other countries in the Southeast Asia region, including Indonesia, receive an abundance of waste from countries that previously exported to China.This resulted in the volume of waste imports in Indonesia in 2018 reaching 320 thousand tons, an increase of up to 150% from the previous year.
The lack of waste incineration processing is the cause of the continued increase in solid and liquid waste, made even worse by the presence of Indonesian plastic waste that is targeting other countries, where on the edge of a beach in Phuket, Thailand, you can see a lot of rubbish scattered around, not only plastic sandals, but also plastic sandals.As a result, Indonesia is overloaded with waste, resulting in a lack of storage for final waste processing.Plus, there is the proliferation of imports and exports from other countries which contain hazardous waste, which shows that there are 49 containers of waste from Europe and the US, especially France, Germany, Hong Kong, Australia and Canada, which enter the port freely.Which turns out to be the reason why there is demand from industry in Indonesia which makes the production of external waste into raw materials [2]- [4].
Therefore, the government is actively carrying out strategic efforts to reduce and handle waste, thus making an international agreement with Denmark, which is one of the countries with progress in waste recycling because Denmark has committed to developing a sustainable transition in the Circular Economy and waste processing management.Looking at this collaborative process, Indonesia's efforts in recycling waste, this research will analyze "How to Evaluate the Impact of Indonesia-Denmark Collaboration in Circular Economy and Waste Management 2018-2019?"

Research Method
In conducting the research "Evaluating the Impact of Indonesia-Denmark Collaboration in the Circular Economy and Waste Management (2018-2019)", the research method used was descriptive, namely presenting the information contained in the variables which are the main problem in this research.The data collection method for this research is literature study from various sources that have been selected such as books, magazines, documents, journal articles, newspapers, and data from official websites to obtain primary data, as well as conducting interviews to obtain appropriate data and facts.

Literature Review
The theory used by researchers is Holsti bilateral cooperation.That a bilateral cooperation "Part of two interests, values or goals meet each other and can produce something, be promoted or fulfilled by all parties, the hope that the policy decided helps the country to achieve its interests and values and the official or unofficial rules regarding transactions in future actions undertaken to carry out objectives or transactions between states to fulfill their agreements." Holsti's theory of bilateral cooperation will be implemented with the concept of rules of principle which is a conceptual framework for cooperation in reciprocal relations between the two parties involved, and the main actor in implementing this relationship is the state with the motive of maintaining national interests, maintaining peace and improve economic prosperity.To build strong partnerships with its external environment [5], creating friendly relations.In general, cooperation encourages competition in achieving goals and increasing productivity, and creates synergy so that operational costs will become lower, which causes competitive ability to increase and to establish harmonious relationships between parties and increase the sense of solidarity [6].
In this research "Evaluating the Impact of Indonesia-Denmark Collaboration in Circular Economy and Waste Management (2018-2019)", Indonesia uses bilateral cooperation with the Perwita and Yani concept by implementing a bilateral pattern, a reciprocal relationship between the two parties involved, to maintain economic interests and welfare of society.Based on this theory and concept, to achieve its economic interests, Indonesia collaborates with several project management implementations with Denmark.This is what makes this research able to be analyzed using the Holsti bilateral theory which is applied through the Perwita and Yani concepts.

Findings
In the current global environmental development, the world is also facing a waste crisis where waste production continues to increase and will reach 2.2 billion tons per year in 2025.UNEP program news states that currently the world's waste volume has reached 1.3 billion tons per year in general.The threat of poor waste management occurs in low-income countries where waste collection is less than 50%.It will take another year and a half for nature to replenish and regrow what the inhabitants of the planet consume in one year.Despite making great strides in resource efficiency, this is not enough to stop the damage to our planet.We need new ways of thinking and new economic models.So the need for a waste incineration strategy with recycling through a Circular Economy [7]- [9] is an acceleration of the transition to the development of a more sustainable society, where recirculated materials and products are used to exploit their full potential and waste is minimized, which transition will have significant potential for the environment and the economy [10], [11].
The increase in waste production has caused environmental problems along with the increase in urban population.Meanwhile, land for final disposal sites (TPA) for waste is also increasingly limited.This condition worsens when waste management in each region is still less effective, efficient and environmentally sound and is not well coordinated.If waste management has not been implemented properly, it will become a source of problems, both social and environmental, that arise in society.The emergence of various diseases due to water, soil and air pollution is only a small part of the consequences of poor waste management.
By using fewer materials and increasing recycling rates, companies can capture more value.The increasing influence of sustainability in supply chain management practices and operations can be attributed to the fact that stakeholders in organizations are required to promote strong economic performance and be responsible for environmental and social performance.The UN World Commission defines sustainable development as a trajectory in which future generations achieve the same level of prosperity as current generations.It also means adapting industrial processes to energy consumption and material use, waste prevention, recycling and reducing hazardous chemicals.Recycling is one of the most important parts of the Circular Economy concept.sharing economy concepts, such as apartment rental (Airbnb) and shared car use by utilizing the digital economy, and collaborative Third, creating platforms for dialogue, cooperation and awareness creation successful examples of circular economy business models demonstrate the need for many stakeholders along the value chain to change (part of) the way they run their business models.The public sector can play an active role by organizing platforms with the right set of players to facilitate discussions.A successful example is the European Resource Efficiency Platform established 2012-2014 which serves as an effective mechanism for gathering information from relevant stakeholders, as well as developing solutions.So, similar platforms can be set up for mobility, food and environmental buildings so this should be done for themes where the public sector plays a big role so that there is no opportunity for the private sector to take the lead.
Four, the focus of public procurement, public circular economy investment, and financial support towards ten themes several investment themes require technological innovation, in addition to innovation funding, the public sector has supported lower risk investment on a larger scale with a primary focus on infrastructure.For example, the European Investment Bank (EIB) has invested €14.5 billion over the last two years through its European Fund for Strategic Investments mostly in infrastructure projects, but less than 10% of this will be circular economy-related investments.As the circular investment themes in this report have large infrastructure components, allocating budget within existing funds to them will shift investment towards circular opportunities while providing new growth opportunities for those funds, but also, at the same time, shift investment towards circular opportunities [16], [17].Investment funds at the member country level could well provide an additional supply of public capital for theme investments.Finally, reforms to the existing subsidy framework should be considered, especially in the area of shifting linear agricultural practices towards more circular ones, while fiscal incentives should also be aimed at circular business models.
Fifth, monitoring in monitoring the effectiveness of CE (Circular Economy) is important to have indicators such as resource and raw material indicators whose aim is to report progress in implementing the action plan five years after adoption.Waste management at the source also supports further waste management because in the end it will reduce the generation of waste disposed of in landfills.The principle of reduction in waste management consists of limiting waste generation, sorting waste and recycling waste.Meanwhile, the handling principles in waste management include waste reuse, waste processing and waste collection.In waste management, there is also the polluter pays principle, namely that everyone is responsible for the waste produced.
Assessing the Outcomes of Circular…■ 77IAIC Transactions on Sustainable Digital Innovation (ITSDI)